In English, we have four(4) basic articles.

	the books		the doors		the apples		the onions
	the nouns		the chairs		the ants		the oranges
	the pencils		the beds		the examples		the alphabets
	the teachers		the windows		the exercises		the answers
	the sentences		the flowers		the ice creams		the umbrellas

	some books		some doors		some apples		some onions
	some nouns		some chairs		some ants		some oranges
	some pencils		some beds		some examples		some alphabets
	some teachers		some windows		some exercises		some answers
	some sentences		some flowers		some ice creams		some umbrellas

You also add '-s' to form the third person singular of a verb.

	add		adds		clean		cleans
	complete		completes		learn		learns
	paint		paints		smile		smiles
	talk		talks		want		wants

Sometimes, we must add '-es'. Remember the rule to form the plural of a noun or third person of a verb!

	go		goes		kiss		kisses
	box		boxes		buzz		buzzes
	watch		watches		wish		wishes
	catch		catches		kiss		kisses

Next, we have a few words that end in a 'consonant - y' so we change the letter -y for -ies.

	vocabulary		vocabularies		candy		candies
	story		stories		family		families
	hobby		hobbies		fly		flies
	fry		fries		try		tries

But, when the noun or verb ends with a 'vowel - y' we just add the letter '-s'.

	boy		boys		toy		toys
	say		says		day		days
	enjoy		enjoys		gray		grays
	play		plays

Finally, there are a few nouns and verbs that end in '-f' or '-fe' so we form the plural or third person of the verb with '-ves'.

	leaf		leaves		knife		knives
	wife		wives		life		lives

An irregular noun is a noun that becomes plural by changing its spelling in other ways than adding an “s” or “es” to the end of the word.
Some irregular nouns take on the plural form by first changing the last letter of the word before adding “s”.
Words that end in “f” are a good example of this case. To make such a word plural, you change the “f” to “ve” and add an “s”.
Here are some examples:

More than one knife = knives
More than one loaf = loaves
More than one shelf = shelves
More than on leaf = leaves

Irregular nouns made plural by changing vowels, changing the word, or adding a different ending:
Here are some examples:

More than one man = men
More than one person = people
More than one mouse = mice
More than one child = children
More than one foot = feet
More than one goose = geese
More than one tooth = teeth

Some irregular plural nouns have the same spelling as their singular form.
Here are some examples:

Scissors
Glasses
pants
sheep

And then some animal nouns become plural by keeping the same spelling as the singular form or by adding an '-s' or '-es'.
Here is an example:

More than one fish = fish or fishes

Countable nouns (or count nouns) are those that refer to something that can be counted.
They have both singular and plural forms.
Here are some examples:

book / books
cat / cats
example / examples

In the singular, they can be preceded by a or an

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc. that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them.
For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "liters of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself.
An uncountable noun is called a Nombre incontable or sustantivo incontable in Spanish.
Here are some more examples of 'uncountable nouns':

sugar
water
rice
bread
salt

Long vowel sound. Remember the rule! The word that ends in a vowel - consonant - letter 'e', we often pronounce like the vowel of the English alphabet.

Here are some examples:
You never pronounce the letter '-e' for the words (noun or verb). The letter '-e' is silent.
This rule has exceptions: for example the verbs GO (ir) and DO (hacer). The pronunciation is with the long vowel 'O' for 'go' and 'U' for 'do'.

hate	--	Pete	--	kite	--	hope	--	cute
A		E		I		O		U

Short vowel sound. Again, remember the rule! The word that ends in a vowel - consonant or vowel - consonant - consonant often has the vowel of the Spanish alphabet.

Here are some examples:

hat	--	pet	--	kit
a		e		i

This rule has exceptions, too. For example, in the word 'hop' and 'cut' the pronunciation of the 'o' and 'u' have the sound 'a' of the Spanish alphabet.

The pronunciation of the termination 'consonant - consonant - letter -e'.

There are a few words in English that have the termination 'consonant - consonant - letter -e'.
Generally, these words indicate the state, feeling or condition of the person.
The pronunciation remains the same as in Rule #4. We pronounce the long vowel for the vowel and the letter 'e' is silent.
The word 'ache' is used to indidate pain or discomfort. We pronounce the work 'ache' as (eik).

Here are some examples:
Stomach ache
toothache
back ache
headache

An adjective is a word that describes something (a noun) or someone (a person)

Adjectives sometimes appear after the verb 'To Be'.

I am short.	You are tall.
He is sad.	She is happy.

Adjectives sometimes appear before a noun.

short boy	tall girl
sad dog	tall chair

Types of Adjectives

We have the adjectives that refer to…
Opinion: Explains what we think about something. This is usually our opinion, attitude or observations.
These adjectives almost always come before all other adjectives.
Here are some examples: good, bad beautiful, boring, delicious, nice, stupid.
Size: Tells us how big or small something is.
Here are some examples: big, small, tall, huge, tiny
Shape / Weight / Length: Tells about the shape of something or how long or short it is. It can also refer to the weight of someone or something.
Here are some examples: round, square, circular, skinny, fat, heavy, straight, long, short
Condition: Tells us the general condition or state of something
Here are some examples: broken, cold, hot, wet, hungry, rich, easy, difficult, dirty
Age: Tells us how old someone or something is.
Here are some examples: old, young, new, ancient, antique
Color: The color or approximate color of something.
Here are some examples: green, white, blue, red, purple
Pattern: The pattern or design of something.
Here are some examples: striped, spotted, checked, flowery
Origin: Tells us where something is from.
Here are some examples: American, British, Italian, Mexican, Russian
Material: What is the thing made of or constructed of?
Here are some examples: gold, wooden, silk, paper, cotton
Purpose/Use: What is it for? These adjectives often end in –ing.
Here are some examples: gardening (gloves), shopping (bag), wedding (dress)
If you look at the examples above, you can ask… what are the gloves used for? (gardening) What is the bag used for? (shopping)

Summary

The order of the adjectives. There are ten (10) positions in the order of adjectives. Each position represents what the adjective describes. Opinion - Size - Shape/Weight/Length - Condition - Age - Color - Pattern - Origin - Material - Purpose/Use

Two (2) adjectives to describe someone or something is very common. So we can use the grammar point ( , ) or comma in place of the word 'and'.

Here are some examples:

a red and white ball.	the fast and easy exercise.
a red, white ball.	the fast, easy exercise.

some happy and young students.	my big and new book.
some happy, young students.	my big, new book.

Definition:
Determiner: The determiner tells us if the noun is singular or plural, definite or indefinite
A word (such as “a,” “the,” “some,” “any,” “my,” or “your”) that comes before a noun and is used to show which thing is being referred to.

Determiners as 'articles': a, an, the
Determiners as 'demonstrative adjectives': this, that / these, those
Determiners as 'possessive adjectives': my, your, his, her, its, our, their. We also use determiners as possesive names: Tim's, Ana's, Tony's
Determiners as 'quantifiers' or 'how many': few, many, several, some
Determiners as 'distributive' or 'number': each, any / Numbers like one, two, three, ten, fourteen, twenty
Determiners as 'interrogative': which, what

Definition:
Pronouns are words we use in the place of a full noun.

Pro- (in place of) + noun = pronoun.

What are the pronouns in English?
There are different pronouns that we use just like in Spanish. The most important to learn and understand are:

(1) Personal Pronouns: I, he, she, it, you, we, they. There are seven (7) personal pronouns in English.
Remember, with the pronoun 'I' … always use and write in 'capital' letter.
The pronoun 'I' is singular.
The pronouns 'he, she and it' are singular. These pronouns are 'third person singular'.
The pronoun 'it' always refers to a 'thing or animal'. The pronoun 'it' never refers to a person.
The pronoun 'you' is singular and plural.
For 'one person' we use the pronoun 'you'.
For 'more than one person' we use the pronoun 'you'.
The pronouns 'we and they' are always plural.
The pronoun 'we' also means: 'You and I' or when we talk or write about more than one person in a group.
The pronoun 'they' also means 'He and She' or when we talk or write about more than one person in a group.
The pronoun 'they' also means more than one thing or more than one animal. They is the plural of the pronoun it.

(2) Possessive Adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.
A possessive adjective is an adjective that is used to show ownership.
A possesive adjective comes before a noun in the sentence and lets us know to whom the noun belongs to.
Possessive adjectives are used to describe the noun.

(3) Possessive pronouns include mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs, and - all words that demonstrate ownership.
We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things that belong to a person/people.
We sometimes use possessive pronouns to also refer to belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).
We use possessive pronouns depending on:
a) number: singular (eg: mine) or plural (eg: ours)
b) person: 1st person (eg: mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his)
c) gender: male (his), female (hers)

Below are the possessive pronouns. Notice that each possessive pronoun can:
a) be the subject or the object
b) refer to a singular or plural form

number	person	gender (of "owner")	possessive pronouns
singular	1st	male/ female	mine
	2nd	male/ female	yours
	3rd	male	his
		female	hers
plural	1st	male/ female	ours
	2nd	male/ female	yours
	3rd	male/ female/ neuter	theirs

Summary of the Personal pronouns, Possessive Adjectives and Possessive pronouns.

Personal Pronouns		Possessive Adjectives		Possessive Pronouns
I		my		mine		(Singular form)
you		your		yours
he		his		his
she		her		hers
it		its		its
we		our		ours		(Plural form)
they		their		theirs
you		your		yours